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The name ''Afghanistan'' ( '; ''Afghan'' + ''-stan'') is a derivation from the ethnonym Afghan, originally in the loose meaning "land of the Pashtuns" and referred to the Pashtun tribal areas south of the Hindu Kush. Initialy they were known less as Abgan during 1st and 2nd Century, later in 3rd century, the Sassanids mention that this is a tribe ''Abgân'', then they were called them Abgan,〔 which is attested in its Arabic form (''Afġān'') in the 10th century Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam.〔(The Khalaj West of the Oxus ); excerpts from "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol 10, No 2, pp 417-437 (retrieved 10 January 2007).〕 Since the Middle Ages, the term Afghan has been used by various writers as a synonym for Pashtun. Since the Afghan Constitution of 1964, "Afghan" officially refers to every citizen of the state of Afghanistan, regardless which ethnic group the individual belongs to.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.afghan-web.com/history/const/const1964.html )〕 ==Origin of the names Afghan== The earliest mention of the name ''Afghan'' (''Abgân'') is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE, which is later recorded in the 6th century in the form of ''"Avagāṇa"'' (अवगाण)〔(Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary )〕 by the Indian astronomer Varāha Mihira in his Brihat-samhita. The ''Encyclopædia Iranica'' explains:〔 Hiven Tsiang, a Chinese Buddist pilgrim visiting the Afghanistan area several times between 630 to 644 CE, speaks about the native tribes inhabiting the region.〔〔Dawn News, (The cradle of Pathan culture )〕 According to scholars such as V. Minorsky, W.K. Frazier Tyler and M.C. Gillet, the word Afghan has appeared in the 982 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, where a reference is made to a village. Saul was probably located near Gardez, in the Paktia province of Afghanistan.〔 Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam also speaks of a king in "Ninhar" (Nangarhar), who shows a public display of conversion to Islam, even though he has over 30 wives, which are described as Muslim, Afghan, and pagan or Hindu wives. It should be noted that some of these names were used as geographical terms. For example, "Hindu" has been used historically as a geographical term to describe someone who was native from the general region known as Hindustan or the Indian subcontinent. Al-Utbi, the Ghaznavid chronicler, in his ''Tarikh-i Yamini'' records that many Afghans and Khiljis (possibly the modern Ghilji) enlisted in the army of Sabuktigin after Jayapala was defeated. Al-Utbi further states that Afghans and Ghiljis made a part of Mahmud Ghaznavi's army and were sent on his expedition to Tocharistan, while on another occasion Mahmud Ghaznavi attacked and punished a group of opposing Afghans, as also corroborated by Abulfazl Beyhaqi.〔R. Khanam, Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: P-Z, Volume 3 - Page 18〕 In the 11th century, Afghans are mentioned in Al-Biruni's ''Tarikh-ul Hind'' ("History of India"), which describes groups of rebellious Afghans in the tribal lands west of the Indus River in what is today Pakistan.〔〔A Glossary Of The Tribes And Castes Of The Punjab And North-West Frontier Province Vol. 3 By H.A. Rose, Denzil Ibbetson Sir Published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1997, Page 211, ISBN 81-85297-70-3, ISBN 978-81-85297-70-5〕 It is recorded that Afghans were also enrolled in the Ghurid Kingdom (1148–1215). By the beginning of the Khilji dynasty in 1290, Afghans have been well known in northern India. Ibn Battuta, a famous Moroccan traveler, visiting Afghanistan following the era of the Khilji dynasty in 1333 writes. A 16th-century Muslim historian writing about the history of Muslim rule in India states: In the writings of the 17th-century Pashto poet Khushal Khattak, it states "Pull out your sword and slay any one, that says Pashtun and Afghan are not one! Arabs know this and so do Romans: Afghans are Pashtuns, Pashtuns are Afghans!"〔''extract from "Passion of the Afghan"'' by Khushal Khan Khattak; translated by C. Biddulph in ''"Afghan Poetry Of The 17th Century: Selections from the Poems of Khushal Khan Khattak''", London, 1890〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Afghan (ethnonym)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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